In 2000 he received the Joseph P Kennedy Jr Award for his work showing that a lack of the B vitamin, folic acid, was a cause of the serious birth defects anencephaly and spina bifida, and showing that most cases are preventable by increasing folic acid intake.
Although there is a Government plan to mandate some fortification, he believes it will prevent only about 20% of these neural tube defects (NTD) but full fortification could prevent about 80%.
“The UK Government’s failure to fortify all flour and rice with the vitamin folic acid will result in more deaths and birth defects every year that could have been prevented,” he argues in The BMJ.
He warns that the current Government’s proposal to fortify only one type of flour (non-wholemeal wheat flour) at an inadequate level will prevent only about 20% of neural tube defects, much less than the approximate 80% that could be prevented with fully effective fortification.
“What the Government has done is a useful step in the right direction, but it is not enough,” he says.
(NTDs such as spina bifida occur when a baby’s brain and spinal cord don’t develop normally). They are a major cause of late terminations, and also cause miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death as well as harm to the mother. Many children with spina bifida, one of the consequences of an NTD, endure lifelong disability.
Women wanting to conceive are advised to take a folic acid supplement before and during early pregnancy to help prevent NTDs, but evidence shows that most women either do not take them at all or take them too late to be effective.
Fully effective fortification is a safe and relatively small change that would be of unquestionable public benefit, explains Wald. It would have a profound positive health impact on the lives and livelihoods of people regardless of socio-economic status. It would also advance equality and social justice.
He welcomes the fact that the Government has, at long last, accepted folic acid fortification as a necessity, but states that “there is simply no scientific basis to justify this partial remedy.”
The current UK Government’s folic acid fortification proposal is not the change voters would want or expect if they knew the full facts. Making fully effective fortification a health priority, no matter which party wins the election, should be a promise that the new Government makes.
Importantly, it must be a promise kept and delivered without delay. It would improve the outcomes for mothers, fathers, and babies at no cost to the individuals who would benefit. It would also save money for families and the NHS. What the Government has done is a useful step in the right direction, but it is not enough.
It will result in more deaths and birth defects every year that could have been prevented. The new Government could do substantially better by adopting fully effective fortification with folic acid. Political parties and politicians need to rise to the challenge and pass this ‘acid test’.